Debian Science Project
Summary
Logic
Debian Science Logic packages

This metapackage is part of the Debian Pure Blend "Debian Science" and installs packages related to Computational Logic. It contains formula transformation tools, solvers for formulas specified in various logics, interactive proof systems, etc.

Description

For a better overview of the project's availability as a Debian package, each head row has a color code according to this scheme:

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Debian Science Logic packages

Official Debian packages with high relevance

agda
종속 타입 함수형 프로그래밍 언어
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Agda는 종속 타입 함수형 프로그래밍 언어입니다: Haskell의 GADT처럼 귀납적인 관계를 가지고 있지만, 유형이 아닌 단지 값에 의해서 인덱스될 수 있습니다. 모듈, mixfix 연산자, 유니코드 문자, 대화형 Emacs 인터페이스등을 매개변수화 합니다 (형식 검사기는 개발에 도움을 줄 수 있습니다).

Agda는 증명 보조자이기도 합니다: 증명 작성 및 확인을 위한 대화형 시스템입니다. Agda는 직관주의적 유형 이론을 기반으로 하며, 이 이론은 스웨덴 논리학자 Per Martin-Löf 가 개발한 건설 수학을 위한 기본 시스템입니다. Coq, Epigram, NuPRL 같은 종속 유형을 기반으로 하는 다른 증명 보조자와 많이 유사합니다.

이 패키지는 Agda의 이맥스 모드, 실행 파일, 표준 라이브러리, 문서를 제공하는 메타 패키지입니다.

alt-ergo
Automatic theorem prover dedicated to program verification
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Alt-Ergo is an automatic theorem prover geared towards application in program verification. It is based on CC(X), a congruence closure algorithm parameterized by an equational theory X. Alt-Ergo has built-in provers for propositional logic, linear arithmetic, uninterpreted function symbols, associative-commutative function symbols, polymorphic arrays, user-defined polymorphic record types and polymorphic enumeration types. It has restricted support for reasoning over arbitrary user-defined algebraic types, first-order quantifiers, and non-linear arithmetic.

This package contains the prover as a command-line executable.

boolector
비트 벡터 및 어레이를 위한 SMT 솔버
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Boolector는 어레이의 quantifier-free 확장 이론과 결합하여 비트 벡터의 quantifier-free 이론을 위한 효과적인 SMT 솔버입니다.

clasp
갈등 주도 nogood 학습 해결 세트 솔버
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clasp는 (확장된) 일반 논리 프로그램을 위한 해답 집합 솔버입니다. answer set programming(ASP)의 고급 모델링 기능과 부울 제약 해결 영역의 최첨단 기술을 결합합니다. 주 clasp 알고리즘은 적합성 검사(SAT)에서 매우 성공적이었던 기 술, 충돌 기반 nogood 학습에 의존합니다. 다른 학습 ASP 솔버와 달리, clasp는 SAT 솔버 또는 다른 기존의 ASP 솔버같은 레거시 소프트웨어에 의존하지 않습니 다. 오히려, clasp는 충돌 기반 nogood 학습을 기반으로 해결 세트 솔버를 위해 진정으로 개발되었습니다. clasp는 ASP 솔버 (LPARSE 출력 형식), SAT 솔버 (단 순 DIMACS/CNF 형식) 또는 PB 솔버 (OPB 형식)로 적용할 수 있습니다.

Please cite: Martin Gebser, Benjamin Kaufmann and Torsten Schaub: Conflict-Driven Answer Set Solving: From Theory to Practice. Artificial Intelligence (187–188):52–89 (2012)
coinor-cbc
Coin-or branch-and-cut mixed integer programming solver
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Cbc (Coin-or branch and cut) is an open-source mixed integer programming solver written in C++. It can be used as a callable library or as a stand-alone executable.

This package contains cbc executable.

coinor-symphony
COIN-OR solver for mixed-integer linear programs
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SYMPHONY is an open-source generic mixed-integer linear programs (MILP) solver, callable library, and extensible framework for implementing customized solvers SYMPHONY has a number of advanced capabilities, including the ability to solve multi-objective MILPs, the ability to warm start its solution procedure, and the ability to perform basic sensitivity analyses.

SYMPHONY is part of the larger COIN-OR initiative (Computational Infrastructure for Operations Research).

This package contains the symphony executable.

coq
proof assistant for higher-order logic (toplevel and compiler)
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Coq is a proof assistant for higher-order logic, which allows the development of computer programs consistent with their formal specification. It is developed using Objective Caml and Camlp5.

This package provides coqtop, a command line interface to Coq.

A graphical interface for Coq is provided in the coqide package. Coq can also be used with ProofGeneral, which allows proofs to be edited using emacs and xemacs. This requires the proofgeneral package to be installed.

The package is enhanced by the following packages: libaac-tactics-ocaml libssreflect-ocaml
cvc4
automated theorem prover for SMT problems
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CVC4 is an efficient automatic theorem prover for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) problems. It can be used to prove the validity (or, dually, the satisfiability) of first-order formulas in a large number of built-in logical theories and their combination.

CVC4 is intended to be an open and extensible SMT engine, and it can be used as a stand-alone tool or as a library. It is the fourth in the Cooperating Validity Checker family of tools (also including CVC, CVC Lite and CVC3). CVC4 has been designed to increase the performance and reduce the memory overhead of its predecessors.

This package contains binaries needed to use CVC4 as a stand-alone tool.

depqbf
solver for quantified boolean formulae
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DepQBF is a search-based solver for quantified boolean formulae (QBF) in prenex conjunctive normal form. It is based on the DPLL algorithm for QBF, called QDPLL, with conflict-driven clause and solution-driven cube learning. By analyzing the syntactic structure of a formula, DepQBF tries to identify independent variables. In general, information on independent variables can be represented in the formal framework of dependency schemes. DepQBF computes the so-called "standard dependency scheme" of a given formula. In addition to other benefits, information on independent variables often increases the freedom for decision making and clause learning.

drat-trim
??? missing short description for package drat-trim :-(
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gringo
(선언적) 논리 프로그램용 그라운딩 도구
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현재 응답 집합 해결 프로그램은 가변 변수 프로그램에서 작동합니다. 따라서 일 차 변수를 가지는 입력 프로그램이 주어지면 동등한 그라운드 (비가변) 프로그램 을 계산할 그라운더가 필요해집니다.

이 패키지는 아래 도구들을 포함합니다:

  • gringo:일차 변수를 가지는 입력 프로그램이 주어지면, aspif 형식에서 동등한 그라운드 (비가변) 프로그램을 계산하는 그라운더. 출력은 응답 집합 해결 프로그램 clasp를 통해 추가로 처리할 수 있습니다. gringo 시리즈 5부터는 smodels 형식을 읽을 수 있는 smodels 또는 cmodels 같은 해결 프로그램과 출력에 있어 더 이상 직접 호환을 제공하지 않습니다. aspif 형식을 smodels 형식으로 변환하기 위해서는 lpconvert를 사용하십시오.
  • clingo: gringo 와 clasp를 모놀로틱 시스템에 결합합니다. 이 방법은 gringo 및 clasp가 단독으로 제공할 수 있는 것 보다 그라운딩 및 해결 프로세스에 대한 더 많은 제어를 제공합니다: multi-shot solving.
  • lpconvert: gringo의 aspif 및 smodels 형식간 변환기.
  • reify: aspif 형식으로 제공된 논리 프로그램을 구체화하는 작은 유틸리티. gringo로 더 처리할 수 있는 일련의 사실들을 만들어냅니다.
Please cite: Martin Gebser, Roland Kaminski, Benjamin Kaufmann and Torsten Schaub: Multi-shot ASP solving with clingo. Theory and Practice of Logic Programming :1–56 (2018)
hol-light
HOL Light theorem prover
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HOL Light is an interactive theorem prover for Higher-Order Logic with a very simple logical core running in an OCaml toplevel. HOL Light is famous for the verification of floating-point arithmetic as well as for the Flyspeck project, which aimed at the formalization of Tom Hales' proof of the Kepler conjecture.

hol88
Higher Order Logic, system image
Maintainer: Camm Maguire
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The HOL System is an environment for interactive theorem proving in a higher-order logic. Its most outstanding feature is its high degree of programmability through the meta-language ML. The system has a wide variety of uses from formalizing pure mathematics to verification of industrial hardware. Academic and industrial sites world-wide are using HOL.

kissat
??? missing short description for package kissat :-(
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lbt
LTL 공식을 Büchi 오토마타로 변환
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이 소프트웨어는 LTL(linear temporal logic) 공식을 일반화된 Büchi 오토마톤으로 변환합니다. 결과로 나온 오토마톤은 예를 들어 모델 점검, 즉 모델(예: Petri net)에서 검증해야 할 특성을 나타내는 데 쓰입니다.

maria
reachability analyzer for Algebraic System Nets
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Maria is a powerful tool designed to aid engineers in modelling and solving concurrency related problems in parallel and distributed computing systems.

Maria finds deadlocks and violations against safety or liveness requirements by exploring all states that can be reached from the initial state of a system. The tool manages tens or hundreds of millions of reachable states and enabled actions.

The expressive power of Maria's formalism is close to high-level programming languages, thanks to its rich data type system and powerful algebraic operations.

maude
고성능 로지컬 프레임워크
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Maude는 광범위한 어플리케이션을 위한 방정식 및 재작성 로직 사양과 프로그래밍을 모두 지원하는 고성능 반사 언어 및 시스템입니다. Maude는 방정식 논리 하위 언어로 간주될 수 있는 OBJ3 언어의 영향을 크게 받았습니다. 방정식 사양과 프로그래밍 지원 외에도 Maude는 논리 계산 재작성도 지원합니다.

로직을 재작성하는 것은 상태와 동시 계산을 자연스럽게 처리할 수 있는 동시 변경 논리입니다. 이는 광범위한 언어 및 동시성 모델에 실행 가능한 의미 체계를 제공하기 위한 일반적인 의미 체계 프레임워크로서 좋은 특성을 가지고 있습니다. 특히 동시 객체 지향 계산을 매우 잘 지원합니다. 로직 재작성을 좋은 의미론적 프레임워크로 만드는 동일한 이유로 인해 이를 좋은 논리적 프레임워크, 즉 다른 많은 로직이 자연스럽게 표현되고 실행될 수 있는 메타로직으로 만듭니다.

Maude는 체계적이고 효율적인 방식으로 논리적 성찰을 지원합니다. 이는 Maude를 놀랍도록 확장 가능하고 강력하게 만들고, 모듈 구성 작업의 확장 가능한 대수학을 지원하며, 많은 고급 메타 프로그래밍 및 메타 언어 어플리케이션을 가능하게 합니다. 실제로 Maude의 가장 흥미로운 어플리케이션중 일부는 메타언어 어플리케이션입니다. 여기서 Maude는 다양한 논리, 정리 프로버, 언어 및 계산 모델에 대한 실행 가능한 환경을 만드는 데 사용됩니다.

Maude는 생물학적 시스템의 모델링 및 분석에 대한 생의학 커뮤니티의 관심을 끌고 있습니다.

Please cite: M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura: Mersenne Twister: A 623-Dimensionally Equidistributed Uniform Pseudo-Random Number Generator. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 8(1):3-30 (1998)
minisat+
의사 부울 제약조건을 위한 솔버
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MinSat+는 MiniSat SAT-solver를 기반으로 하는 Pseudo-Boolean Optimization (AKA 0-1 정수 프로그래밍)을 위한 솔버입니다. 일련의 선형 제약 조건에 따라 선형 목적 함수 최적화를 지원합니다. 목적 함수 및 제약 조건의 변수는 부울입니다, 즉 0 또는 1이어야 합니다. 의사 부울 최적화는 여러 종류의 최적화 문제를 해결하는데 사용될 수 있습니다. 이 Minisat+ 버전은 제약 계수에 대한 bignum 지원으로 컴파일 되었습니다.

mona
오토마타에 기반한 정리 프루버
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MONA는 논리 WS1S 또는 WS2S 공식을 BDD로 표시되는 유한 상태 오토마타로 변경하는 도구입니다. 공식은 검색 패턴, 반응 시스템의 시간적인 속성, 구문 분석 트리 제약등을 표현할 수 있습니다. 또한 MONA는 컴파일에서 비롯된 자동화를 분석하고, 공식이 유효한지 여부를 판단하며 그렇지 않으면 그 반대 예를 생성합니다.

문서는 MONA 웹사이트에서 구할 수 있습니다. http://www.brics.dk/mona/.

picosat
증명과 코어 지원을 포함하는 SAT 솔버
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부울 공식 (SAT)의 만족도 문제에 대한 NP 완전성에도 불구하고, SAT 솔버는 자주 합리적인 시간 프레임 내에서 이 문제를 결정할 수 있습니다. 다른 모든 NP 전체 문제가 SAT로 축소 될 수 있기 때문에, 솔버는 이 문제 클래스를 위한 범용 도구가 되었습니다.

PicoSAT는 산업용 인스턴스에서 MiniSAT 2.0보다 속도가 더 빠르다고 판명된 SAT 솔버이며, 또한 증명 및 코어를 메모리에 생성할 수 있습니다.

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proofgeneral
generic frontend for proof assistants
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Proof General is a major mode to turn Emacs into an interactive proof assistant to write formal mathematical proofs using a variety of theorem provers.

This package provides Proof General support for Coq. (There is no other proof assistant that one could sensibly support.)

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prover9
theorem prover and countermodel generator
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This package provides the Prover9 resolution/paramodulation theorem prover and the Mace4 countermodel generator.

Prover9 is an automated theorem prover for first-order and equational logic. It is a successor of the Otter prover. Prover9 uses the inference techniques of ordered resolution and paramodulation with literal selection.

The program Mace4 searches for finite structures satisfying first-order and equational statements, the same kind of statement that Prover9 accepts. If the statement is the denial of some conjecture, any structures found by Mace4 are counterexamples to the conjecture.

Mace4 can be a valuable complement to Prover9, looking for counterexamples before (or at the same time as) using Prover9 to search for a proof. It can also be used to help debug input clauses and formulas for Prover9.

sat4j
자바에서 SAT 솔버에 대한 효율적인 라이브러리
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SAT4J의 목적은 자바에서 SAT 솔버에 대한 효과적인 라이브러리를 제공하는 것 입니다. OpenSAT 프로젝트와 비교해서, SAT4J 라이브러리는 세부 사항에 대한 걱 정 없이 어플리케이션에 SAT 기술을 포함하고자 하는 SAT "블랙 박스" 첫 사용자 를 대상으로 합니다. SAT4J 프로젝트는 또한 SAT 연구원들을 위한 작업의 기초를 제공하려 노력합니다.

spass
automated theorem prover for first-order logic with equality
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SPASS is a saturation-based automated theorem prover for first-order logic with equality. It is unique due to the combination of the superposition calculus with specific inference/reduction rules for sorts (types) and a splitting rule for case analysis motivated by the beta-rule of analytic tableaux and the case analysis employed in the Davis-Putnam procedure. Furthermore, SPASS provides a sophisticated clause normal form translation.

This package consists of the SPASS/FLOTTER binary, documentation, and a small example collection. The tools collections contain the proof checker pcs, the syntax translators dfg2otter and dfg2tptp, and the ASCII pretty printer dfg2ascii.

toulbar2
Exact combinatorial optimization for Graphical Models
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Toulbar2 is an exact discrete optimization tool for Graphical Models such as Cost Function Networks, Markov Random Fields, Weighted Constraint Satisfaction Problems and Bayesian Nets.

why3
Software verification platform
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Why3 is a platform for deductive program verification. It provides a rich language for specification and programming, called WhyML, and relies on external theorem provers, both automated and interactive, to discharge verification conditions. Why3 comes with a standard library of logical theories (integer and real arithmetic, Boolean operations, sets and maps, etc.) and basic programming data structures (arrays, queues, hash tables, etc.). A user can write WhyML programs directly and get correct-by-construction OCaml programs through an automated extraction mechanism. WhyML is also used as an intermediate language for the verification of C, Java, or Ada programs.

Why3 is a complete reimplementation of the former Why platform. Among the new features are: numerous extensions to the input language, a new architecture for calling external provers, and a well-designed API, allowing to use Why3 as a software library. An important emphasis is put on modularity and genericity, giving the end user a possibility to easily reuse Why3 formalizations or to add support for a new external prover if wanted.

z3
theorem prover from Microsoft Research
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Z3 is a state-of-the-art theorem prover from Microsoft Research. It can be used to check the satisfiability of logical formulas over one or more theories. Z3 offers a compelling match for software analysis and verification tools, since several common software constructs map directly into supported theories.

The Z3 input format is an extension of the one defined by the SMT-LIB 2.0 standard.

Official Debian packages with lower relevance

coinor-libcoinmp-dev
Simple C API for COIN-OR Solvers Clp and Cbc -- development
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The Coin-MP optimizer is an open source solver, it is part of the COIN-OR project which is an initiative to spur the development of open-source software for the operations research community.

CoinMP is a C-API library that supports most of the functionality of CLP (Coin LP), CBC (Coin Branch-and-Cut), and CGL (Cut Generation Library) projects.

This package contains the files needed to build applications using libCoinMP.

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